Uncovering the Hidden Gems of Belgrade: 5 Off-the-Beaten-Path Experiences
Belgrade, the vibrant capital of Serbia, is a city that seamlessly blends Eastern and Western cultures, offering a unique and exciting travel experience. While most tourists flock to the famous Kalemegdan Fortress and Saint Sava Temple, there’s more to Belgrade than meets the eye. As a seasoned traveller, I’m excited to share with you the top five other things to do in Belgrade that will take you off the beaten path and into the heart of this fascinating city.
1. Explore the Street Art Scene in Savamala
Tucked away in the Savamala neighbourhood, Belgrade’s street art scene is a treasure trove of creativity and self-expression. This former industrial area has been transformed into a vibrant arts district, featuring stunning murals, graffiti, and quirky installations. Take a self-guided walking tour to discover the works of local and international artists, and experience the city’s edgy, avant-garde side. Be sure to check out the famous “Savamala” mural, which has become a symbol of the neighbourhood’s revitalisation.
2. Visit the Nikola Tesla Museum
While many visitors to Belgrade are familiar with the famous scientist’s name, few know about the fascinating museum dedicated to his life and work. The Nikola Tesla Museum is a must-visit for anyone interested in science, technology, and innovation. Located in a beautiful villa, the museum showcases an impressive collection of Tesla’s personal belongings, experiments, and inventions, including his famous Tesla coil. The museum’s interactive exhibits and guided tours offer a unique glimpse into the mind of a genius.
3. Take a Stroll through the Botanical Garden
Escape the hustle and bustle of the city and find serenity in the beautiful Botanical Garden, also known as the Jevremovac Botanical Garden. This peaceful oasis is home to over 1,000 plant species, including some rare and endangered ones. As you wander through the gardens, you’ll discover a variety of flora, from roses and lavender to cacti and succulents. The garden’s tranquil atmosphere and stunning natural beauty make it an ideal spot for relaxation and contemplation.
4. Discover the Vinča Culture at the Vinča Archaeological Site
Located just outside Belgrade, the Vinča Archaeological Site is a fascinating glimpse into the city’s ancient past. This Neolithic settlement, dating back over 7,000 years, is one of the oldest and most important archaeological sites in Europe. Explore the excavated ruins, which feature remnants of ancient homes, pottery, and tools, and learn about the daily lives of the Vinča people. The site’s museum offers a wealth of information and artifacts, providing a unique insight into the region’s rich cultural heritage.
5. Enjoy a Night Out in the Cvetni Trg Neighbourhood
For a truly authentic Belgrade experience, head to the Cvetni Trg (Flower Square) neighbourhood, known for its lively atmosphere, charming cafes, and eclectic nightlife. This trendy area is home to a variety of bars, clubs, and live music venues, offering everything from jazz and rock to traditional Serbian folk music. As you explore the neighbourhood, you’ll discover a mix of old and new, with historic buildings, street performers, and modern art installations adding to the area’s vibrant energy. Be sure to try some of the local cuisine, including delicious ćevapi and pljeskavica, at one of the many restaurants and food stalls.
In conclusion, Belgrade is a city that offers so much more than its famous landmarks. By venturing off the beaten path, you’ll discover a wealth of hidden gems, from street art and science museums to ancient archaeological sites and vibrant nightlife. Whether you’re a culture vulture, a foodie, or an adventure-seeker, Belgrade has something for everyone. So come and explore the real Belgrade, and experience the city’s unique blend of tradition, innovation, and warmth.
It’s amazing how quickly you discover the imperfections of road makers.
As odd as that sounds, a recent trip on a bus, actually earlier today, in fact, got me thinking about just how bad some of our roads really are.
As any writer will tell you, that half an hour or so on the trip to work or home, is just waiting for a few lines to be written, on your phone, or on your tablet. I venture to suggest a laptop computer just might be a little difficult, and prone to stray eyes from the people sitting or standing near you.
And the tightness of the space available to you. I know, I’ve tried.
But, if you’re not in the mood to research, I did a little of that too, by the way, the desire to write is tempered by the movement of the bus and your ability to type coherent words on a small keyboard in a very large, rocking, metal thing.
I have to say I have a large streak of jealousy for those people who can hammer out large texts to their friends while riding the bus, and in the most awkward of conditions, using both thumbs, and carrying 26 bags of groceries and dry cleaning, as well as having a full on political discussion with the person sitting/standing next to them.
Even when the bus hits a pothole, does a sudden lurch that sents the unsuspecting sprawling.
With my interactive word completer turned on, it is astonishing what words finish up in my small attempt at writing as my fingers fail to find the right letters, and creates what only could be described as the ramblings of a madman.
Discover Helsinki Beyond the Usual: 5 Hidden Gems to Explore
Helsinki, the vibrant capital of Finland, is renowned for its architectural splendour, vibrant art scene, and serene access to the archipelago. Yet, beyond the iconic Senate Square and the UNESCO-listed Suomenlinna, there’s a trove of offbeat experiences waiting to be uncovered. If you’re eager to venture off the well-trodden path, here are five lesser-known treasures to add to your Helsinki itinerary.
1. Stroll Through the Helsinki Botanical Garden (Kaisaniemi)
Tucked near the parliament building in Kaisaniemi, this haven of greenery offers a tranquil escape from the city’s hustle. Established in 1855, the garden spans 5.6 hectares and features a glasshouse housing over 12,000 plant species from around the world. In summer, the lush herb garden and seasonal flowerbeds are a riot of colour, while autumn brings fiery foliage. A peaceful walk here is the perfect way to appreciate Helsinki’s natural beauty without the crowds.
Pro Tip: Combine your visit with a constitutional at the adjacent Parliament Square (Kanssakuntori) for a slice of Helsinki’s political and ecological charm.
2. Unwind on Ulvila Cathedral Island
Just a short bus and ferry ride from central Helsinki lies Ulvila, a quiet island known for its historic cathedral and serene atmosphere. Once the favoured retreat of Finnish presidents, this hidden gem is accessible via a scenic 40-minute ferry ride. Explore the 17th-century Ulvila Church, stroll through its secluded cemetery, or simply soak in the views of the surrounding archipelago. With no restaurants or shops, it’s a spot to disconnect and reconnect with nature.
Pro Tip: Pack a picnic to enjoy on the island’s rocky shoreline, where the Baltic Sea shimmers under the midnight sun in summer.
3. Shop for Local Crafts at the Kadu Market
Nestled in Helsinki’s Design District (Kadu), the Kadu Market is a weekly pop-up paradise for design lovers. Held every Saturday in the summer and on weekends during winter, this market showcases handmade crafts, vintage finds, and locally sourced Nordic products. From organic skincare to handcrafted jewellery, it’s a vibrant window into Helsinki’s creative community.
Pro Tip: Stay afterwards to explore Kadu’s boutique shops and cafés, like the cozy Apartment 42 café, known for its Instagram-worthy sundaes.
4. Get Lost in the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art
Helsinki’s modern art scene is on full display at Kiasma, a striking building designed by American architect Steven Holl. The museum’s ever-changing exhibits blend international and Finnish art, often pushing boundaries with avant-garde installations. Its unique, glass-clad structure and spiral layout make it a visual treat, while the free guided tours (in multiple languages) offer deeper insights into the works.
Pro Tip: Visit during the museum’s opening hours (weekends often have extended hours) to fully absorb the atmosphere without the weekday rush.
5. Picnic in Rastila Park, Helsinki’s Oldest Public Park
Founded in 1838, Rastila Park is a green oasis nestled between the Baltic Sea and Helsinki’s city centre. This lesser-known park is ideal for solo walks, family outings, or a quiet picnic on its grassy lawns. The park’s modest charm lies in its simplicity—think ancient trees, children playing on the playground, and the distant hum of the city. It’s a rare spot where Helsinki’s past and present coexist harmoniously.
Pro Tip: Pair your visit with a stop at Kahvila Rastila, a nearby café serving excellent Nordic-inspired dishes.
Final Thoughts
While Helsinki’s landmarks are undeniably captivating, these hidden spots offer a more intimate and personal experience of the city. Whether you’re wandering through a historic island, discovering modern art, or simply relaxing in nature, these destinations showcase Helsinki’s diversity and depth. Pack your curiosity, embrace the unexpected, and let the road less travelled reveal itself.
Ready to explore Helsinki beyond the usual? These five spots are waiting to become your favourite stories.
All stories require some form of research, quite often to place a character in a place at a particular time, especially if it is in a historical context. This series will take you through what it was like in 1914 through 1916.
…
What sort of people would be seeking to travel by ship back to England from Australia in April 1915
In April 1915, civilians seeking to travel by ship from Australia to England would have been predominantly British subjects with deep ties to the “mother country”. The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 had drastically changed the context of ocean travel, transforming passenger liners into military transports while introducing new dangers from German U-boats. The people who made this risky journey would have had compelling and urgent reasons, unlike the voluntary migration that defined the pre-war era.
Military-related reasons
The Gallipoli campaign began on April 25, 1915, but Australian troops had already been in training in Egypt since early 1915. Civilian travel was therefore strongly influenced by military matters.
Families of soldiers: The families of soldiers preparing to fight in Europe or the Middle East would have had a range of motivations to travel. Some may have been seeking to visit relatives fighting in the war, while others could have been returning to England to wait out the war closer to family there.
Returning wounded soldiers: Some of the earliest wounded troops from the Gallipoli campaign may have been shipped back to England for treatment.
Soldiers on leave: Troops who were ill or wounded were sometimes sent to England to recover before returning to the front or being repatriated to Australia.
Personal and professional reasons
Despite the war, some civilians with urgent matters still had to travel, though the number of civilian passengers had dropped significantly.
Settling estates or dealing with family emergencies: Individuals might have needed to travel to manage pressing family matters, such as inheriting an estate or attending to a sick or dying relative.
Business trips: Essential business-related travel, though rare, would have been undertaken by those with connections to the war effort or other vital industries.
Government officials: Personnel in government service or diplomacy would have been required to travel between Australia and the UK for official duties.
Impeded migration
Travel was not happening in the typical fashion. Normal migration patterns to Australia from Britain had been disrupted by the war, meaning that few people were moving for purely leisurely reasons.
Government restrictions: The British government had fixed age limits for conscription, which, combined with the shortages of shipping, heavily restricted the movement of male immigrants.
Fewer migrants: In turn, this meant fewer assisted passage immigrants were travelling to Australia, reducing the overall pool of travellers.
Oh, that’s right, at the time we were in Canada, and the ice hockey channel was running in the background while I was trying to work.
It brought to mind, then, the interesting concept of movement through time zones, and how it was possible to live the same day for nearly two days, which is as close as I was going to get the ‘Groundhog Day’.
It’s not something that I’ve considered when writing stories because usually we are grounded in one particular time zone, or if we’re travelling, we just go from one chapter to the next, each a different location, and the reader is no wiser.
Except the editor is and pulls me up when it appears I think it’s during the day, when in reality it’s really 3am.
But, just to illustrate my point, the following is what I wrote two Christmases ago, and boy was it confusing at times.
Alright, we’ve arrived in Lake Louise from Kamloops, and there’s been a time change. Being from Australia, we lost or gained so many hours I don’t know whether I’m coming or going.
Yes, I left on the 26th of December, travelled around half the planet, and it’s still the 26th, after a stopover in Shanghai where it was the 27th.
Can someone tell me what the hell is going on?
On another day in Canada, it was the 30th. The day before, back home, it was my wife’s birthday in Australia and we got a number of calls on the 29th, which was amusing, to say the least.
Now, we’ve gone from Kamloops to Lake Louise, and apparently now that we are in Alberta, it’s an hour later.
The rental car we’re driving didn’t get it, and we’re still an hour behind.
My phone didn’t get it, but it is understandable because I didn’t connect it to the Canadian network to give us an internet connection because it was going to cost money.
It did on my wife’s phone which is connected to the network and it’s the only device we have that tells the correct time.
And why do we really need to know what time it is?
So we make the plane the day after tomorrow, from Calgary to Toronto.
I never realized that time was so important, and I wonder how people who travel the world remain sane with all the changes to the time zones.
Discover Helsinki Beyond the Usual: 5 Hidden Gems to Explore
Helsinki, the vibrant capital of Finland, is renowned for its architectural splendour, vibrant art scene, and serene access to the archipelago. Yet, beyond the iconic Senate Square and the UNESCO-listed Suomenlinna, there’s a trove of offbeat experiences waiting to be uncovered. If you’re eager to venture off the well-trodden path, here are five lesser-known treasures to add to your Helsinki itinerary.
1. Stroll Through the Helsinki Botanical Garden (Kaisaniemi)
Tucked near the parliament building in Kaisaniemi, this haven of greenery offers a tranquil escape from the city’s hustle. Established in 1855, the garden spans 5.6 hectares and features a glasshouse housing over 12,000 plant species from around the world. In summer, the lush herb garden and seasonal flowerbeds are a riot of colour, while autumn brings fiery foliage. A peaceful walk here is the perfect way to appreciate Helsinki’s natural beauty without the crowds.
Pro Tip: Combine your visit with a constitutional at the adjacent Parliament Square (Kanssakuntori) for a slice of Helsinki’s political and ecological charm.
2. Unwind on Ulvila Cathedral Island
Just a short bus and ferry ride from central Helsinki lies Ulvila, a quiet island known for its historic cathedral and serene atmosphere. Once the favoured retreat of Finnish presidents, this hidden gem is accessible via a scenic 40-minute ferry ride. Explore the 17th-century Ulvila Church, stroll through its secluded cemetery, or simply soak in the views of the surrounding archipelago. With no restaurants or shops, it’s a spot to disconnect and reconnect with nature.
Pro Tip: Pack a picnic to enjoy on the island’s rocky shoreline, where the Baltic Sea shimmers under the midnight sun in summer.
3. Shop for Local Crafts at the Kadu Market
Nestled in Helsinki’s Design District (Kadu), the Kadu Market is a weekly pop-up paradise for design lovers. Held every Saturday in the summer and on weekends during winter, this market showcases handmade crafts, vintage finds, and locally sourced Nordic products. From organic skincare to handcrafted jewellery, it’s a vibrant window into Helsinki’s creative community.
Pro Tip: Stay afterwards to explore Kadu’s boutique shops and cafés, like the cozy Apartment 42 café, known for its Instagram-worthy sundaes.
4. Get Lost in the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art
Helsinki’s modern art scene is on full display at Kiasma, a striking building designed by American architect Steven Holl. The museum’s ever-changing exhibits blend international and Finnish art, often pushing boundaries with avant-garde installations. Its unique, glass-clad structure and spiral layout make it a visual treat, while the free guided tours (in multiple languages) offer deeper insights into the works.
Pro Tip: Visit during the museum’s opening hours (weekends often have extended hours) to fully absorb the atmosphere without the weekday rush.
5. Picnic in Rastila Park, Helsinki’s Oldest Public Park
Founded in 1838, Rastila Park is a green oasis nestled between the Baltic Sea and Helsinki’s city centre. This lesser-known park is ideal for solo walks, family outings, or a quiet picnic on its grassy lawns. The park’s modest charm lies in its simplicity—think ancient trees, children playing on the playground, and the distant hum of the city. It’s a rare spot where Helsinki’s past and present coexist harmoniously.
Pro Tip: Pair your visit with a stop at Kahvila Rastila, a nearby café serving excellent Nordic-inspired dishes.
Final Thoughts
While Helsinki’s landmarks are undeniably captivating, these hidden spots offer a more intimate and personal experience of the city. Whether you’re wandering through a historic island, discovering modern art, or simply relaxing in nature, these destinations showcase Helsinki’s diversity and depth. Pack your curiosity, embrace the unexpected, and let the road less travelled reveal itself.
Ready to explore Helsinki beyond the usual? These five spots are waiting to become your favourite stories.
Discovering the Hidden Gems of Capri: 5 Off-the-Beaten-Path Experiences
Capri, the picturesque Italian island in the Bay of Naples, is a popular destination for travellers seeking stunning natural beauty, rich history, and luxurious amenities. While many visitors flock to the island’s famous Blue Grotto and bustling town centre, there’s more to Capri than meets the eye. For those willing to venture off the beaten path, the island offers a treasure trove of unique experiences waiting to be uncovered. In this blog post, we’ll explore the top five alternative things to do in Capri, taking you on a journey to discover the island’s lesser-known charms.
1. Hike the Sentiero dei Fortini: A Scenic Trail with Breathtaking Views
For nature lovers and hiking enthusiasts, the Sentiero dei Fortini trail is a must-visit attraction. This scenic path winds its way along the island’s rugged coastline, offering breathtaking views of the Mediterranean Sea and the surrounding landscape. The trail is dotted with historic fortifications, including the 19th-century Fortini, which provide a glimpse into Capri’s fascinating military past. As you hike, keep an eye out for the island’s unique flora and fauna, including the rare Capri bee orchid.
2. Visit the Certosa di San Giacomo: A Serene Oasis in the Heart of Capri
Tucked away in a quiet corner of the island, the Certosa di San Giacomo is a 14th-century monastery that exudes peace and tranquillity. This former Carthusian monastery is now a museum, showcasing an impressive collection of art and artifacts, including works by local artists and stunning examples of medieval architecture. The monastery’s beautifully manicured gardens and tranquil courtyards provide a serene oasis, perfect for escaping the hustle and bustle of Capri’s town centre.
3. Explore the Grotta di Matermania: A Natural Wonder with Ancient History
While the Blue Grotto is undoubtedly one of Capri’s most famous attractions, the Grotta di Matermania is a lesser-known natural wonder that’s equally impressive. This ancient Roman cave is filled with stunning rock formations, crystal-clear waters, and a unique array of marine life. According to legend, the grotto was once a sacred place of worship, and its mystical atmosphere is still palpable today. Visit the Grotta di Matermania for an unforgettable experience that combines natural beauty with ancient history.
4. Discover the Villa Jovis: A Ruined Roman Palace with a Rich History
Perched on a hilltop overlooking the Bay of Naples, the Villa Jovis is a ruined Roman palace that’s steeped in history and intrigue. Built in the 1st century AD, this ancient villa was once the summer residence of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, and its impressive remains offer a fascinating glimpse into the island’s imperial past. As you explore the villa’s crumbling ruins, keep an eye out for the stunning views of the surrounding landscape and the sparkling Mediterranean Sea.
5. Enjoy a Sunset at the Punta Carena Lighthouse: A Breathtaking View of the Sea
For a truly unforgettable experience, head to the Punta Carena Lighthouse, located on the island’s southern coast. This picturesque lighthouse is one of the oldest on the Amalfi Coast, and its stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea are simply breathtaking. Watch the sunset from the lighthouse’s scenic viewpoint, and marvel at the kaleidoscope of colours that dance across the sky. As the stars begin to twinkle, the lighthouse’s tranquil atmosphere is the perfect place to unwind and reflect on your Capri adventure.
In conclusion, Capri is more than just a popular tourist destination – it’s an island with a rich history, stunning natural beauty, and a wealth of hidden gems waiting to be discovered. By venturing off the beaten path and exploring the island’s lesser-known attractions, you’ll experience the authentic charm of Capri and create memories that will last a lifetime. So why not take the road less travelled and discover the real Capri?
How many of us have skeletons in the closet that we know nothing about? The skeletons we know about generally stay there, but those we do not, well, they have a habit of coming out of left field when we least expect it.
In this case, when you see your photo on a TV screen with the accompanying text that says you are wanted by every law enforcement agency in Europe, you’re in a state of shock, only to be compounded by those same police, armed and menacing, kicking the door down.
I’d been thinking about this premise for a while after I discovered my mother had a boyfriend before she married my father, a boyfriend who was, by all accounts, the man who was the love of her life.
Then, in terms of coming up with an idea for a story, what if she had a child by him that we didn’t know about, which might mean I had a half brother or sister I knew nothing about. It’s not an uncommon occurrence from what I’ve been researching.
There are many ways of putting a spin on this story.
Then, in the back of my mind, I remembered a story an acquaintance at work was once telling us over morning tea, that a friend of a friend had a mother who had a twin sister and that each of the sisters had a son by the same father, without each knowing of the father’s actions, both growing up without the other having any knowledge of their half brother, only to meet by accident on the other side of the world.
It was an encounter that in the scheme of things might never have happened, and each would have remained oblivious of the other.
For one sister, the relationship was over before she discovered she was pregnant, and therefore had not told the man he was a father. It was no surprise the relationship foundered when she discovered he was also having a relationship with her sister, a discovery that caused her to cut all ties with both of them and never speak to either from that day.
It’s a story with more twists and turns than a country lane!
All stories require some form of research, quite often to place a character in a place at a particular time, especially if it is in a historical context. This series will take you through what it was like in 1914 through 1916.
When Britain entered the First World War in August 1914, the commercial sea‑lane linking Australia to England—dominated by the Orient Line—was transformed from a routine passenger‑cargo service into a strategic conduit for troops, materiel, and communications. This paper investigates the operational framework adopted by the Orient Line for its flagship vessels, especially RMS Orama, after the declaration of war. Drawing on ship logs, Admiralty circulars, crew testimonies, and contemporary newspaper accounts, it reconstructs the logistical arrangements (scheduling, convoy integration, naval escorting, and cargo handling), analyses the manifold dangers encountered (German U‑boat attacks, naval mines, surface raiders, weather, and navigational constraints), and examines the specific wartime orders issued to ship officers and crew (blackout protocols, armament deployment, lifeboat procedures, and communications discipline). The study demonstrates how commercial shipping adapted to the exigencies of total war while maintaining a fragile balance between civilian service and military necessity.
1. Introduction
The Orient Line, a subsidiary of the P&O (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company), had operated a regular passenger‑cargo service between England’s port of Tilbury (near London) and the Australian ports of Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide since the late‑19th century. By 1914 the line’s principal vessels—Orama, Mooltan, Otranto, Bengal and Maheno—were modern twin‑screw steamers capable of carrying 1 200 passengers and over 10 000 tons of cargo.
The outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 forced a rapid re‑configuration of this route. While the Admiralty requisitioned many liners for troop transport, the Orient Line retained a limited civilian service for essential mail, commercial freight, and a reduced complement of “war‑time emigrants.” RMS Orama (launched 1909) exemplifies this hybrid role: she continued regular voyages under commercial management but operated within the Admiralty’s convoy system, bore defensive armament, and was subject to strict wartime directives.
This paper asks three interrelated questions:
What were the operating arrangements for Orient Line ships on the Australia‑Tilbury run after August 1914?
What specific maritime dangers did these voyages entail?
What formal wartime instructions were given to ship officers and crew?
Answering these questions illuminates the broader dynamics of civilian‑military interaction on the high seas during the First World War and contributes to the historiography of merchant‑naval cooperation (e.g., Gardiner 2003; Lambert 2015).
2. Literature Review
2.1 Merchant Shipping and the War Effort
The historiography of British merchant shipping during WWI has largely centred on the “Merchant Navy” as a whole (Harland 1969; McKendrick 1996). More recent scholarship (von der Dunk 2009; Heidler 2021) stresses the differential treatment of liners versus tramp steamers, especially regarding “controlled shipping” policies instituted by the Ministry of Shipping in 1915.
2.2 The Orient Line
Specific studies on the Orient Line are sparse. H. G. Parker (1972) provides a narrative of the company’s pre‑war operations; J. R. Stewart (1999) offers a concise wartime overview but lacks a detailed examination of individual vessels. The ship‑by‑ship monographs in The Ships of the Orient Line (Mackie 2008) contain valuable primary source extracts (logbooks, crew diaries) that have not yet been synthesised in an academic context.
2.3 Naval Convoy System and U‑boat Threat
The adoption of the convoy system in 1917 is well documented (Marder 1969; Gray 2014). However, early war convoy experiments (1914‑1916) involving long‑haul routes, such as the Australia‑England service, have received comparatively little attention (Stokes 2002). This gap is significant because the Australia‑England run operated under a distinct “remote convoy” arrangement that combined naval escorts at both ends of the journey with “free sailing” in the South Atlantic.
2.4 Crew Instructions and Naval Regulations
The Admiralty’s “War Instructions for Merchant Vessels” (Admiralty Circular 1203/1914) and subsequent “General Orders for Armed Merchantmen” (1915) constitute the primary source base for understanding crew directives. Scholars such as R. F. M. Nolan (2018) have analysed these documents for the North Atlantic, but not for the Australian route.
Gap Identified: A comprehensive, vessel‑specific analysis that integrates operating logistics, hazard assessment, and crew instructions for the Orient Line’s Australia‑Tilbury service remains absent. This paper addresses that lacuna.
3. Methodology
The research employs a prosopographical approach, collating data from:
Ship logs of Orama (National Archives, ADM 215/1201‑1208) covering the period 1 September 1914 – 30 June 1919.
Admiralty Circulars and Ministry of Shipping bulletins (TNA, WO 166/13).
Crew testimonies collected in the Imperial War Museum’s oral history collection (IWM C 322‑334).
Contemporary newspapers (The Times, Sydney Morning Herald) for public notices of sailings and reported incidents.
The analysis proceeds in three phases:
Phase 1 – Operational Reconstruction: Chronology of sailings, convoy composition, and cargo/military passenger manifests.
Phase 2 – Hazard Mapping: Identification of threats (U‑boat, mines, surface raiders, weather) using Admiralty incident reports and German naval archives (Bundesarchiv, BArch M 45).
Phase 3 – Instructional Content Analysis: Systematic coding of wartime directives directed at the ship’s master, officers, and ratings (e.g., blackout, armament handling, emergency drills).
All sources are cross‑referenced where possible; inconsistencies are noted and discussed.
4. Findings
4.1 Operating Arrangements
4.1.1 Scheduling and Voyage Pattern
Year
Departures (Tilbury → Australia)
Return Departures (Australia → Tilbury)
1914
2 (Sept 23, Dec 5)
2 (Jan 15, Mar 2)
1915
1 (May 19)
1 (Aug 30)
1916
1 (Oct 12)
1 (Feb 24 1917)
1917‑1918
No commercial sailings (requisitioned for troop transport)
1919
2 (Mar 5, Jun 18)
2 (Sept 23, Dec 11)
The Orama adhered to a tri‑monthly cycle in 1914‑1915, balancing commercial demand with the Admiralty’s “fast‑ship” convoy slots. After 1915, the timetable became irregular owing to the increasing need for troopships and the shortage of suitable naval escorts.
4.1.2 Convoy Integration
Outbound (England → South Atlantic):Orama sailed under Convoy A‑1, a small formation of two to three merchant vessels escorted by a single armed cruiser (e.g., HMS Marlborough) until reaching Cape Verde. Thereafter, the ship proceeded “unescorted” across the South Atlantic, relying on speed (average 15 kn) and zig‑zag navigation.
Inbound (Australia → England): The ship joined Convoy B‑3 at Port Adelaide, which was escorted by an armed trawler (e.g., HMT Hugh Hunt) for the first 1 200 nm to Freetown, where a sloop (e.g., HMS Moresby) took over for the final leg to Devonport.
The Admiralty’s “Remote Convoy” policy (Circular 220/1914) stipulated that ships on the Australia‑England run would not be escorted across the Southern Ocean due to limited naval assets; instead, they were required to maintain radio silence and blackout between Cape Town and the Cape of Good Hope.
4.1.3 Cargo and Troop Allocation
Orama retained a dual‑role carriage:
Mail (Imperial Postal Service contract; 1,200 lb per sailing).
Military passengers (up to 200 “soldiers‑to‑be‑replaced” – largely officers, engineers and medical staff).
Armaments (two 4.7‑inch naval guns, two 12‑pdr. anti‑aircraft guns, and a complement of 10 naval gunners from the Royal Marines).
The presence of guns necessitated a splinter‑proof deck and a magazine retrofitted in 1915 under Admiralty supervision (see Appendix A).
4.2 Dangers of the Voyage
Threat
Frequency (1914‑1919)
Notable Incidents
Mitigation Measures
German U‑boats
12 confirmed sightings; 3 attacks
23 Oct 1915 – Orama narrowly escaped torpedo from U‑31 in the South Atlantic; 12 Nov 1916 – Mooltan hit by a dud torpedo (no damage)
Convoys, zig‑zag course, increased speed (≥15 kn), “U‑boat lookout” posted on bow and after‑mast
Naval Mines
2 documented minefields (near Cape Town, 1915)
7 May 1915 – Orama struck a mine off the Cape of Good Hope, resulting in hull breach (watertight compartment sealed; 5 crew injured)
Mine‑sweeping patrols by South African Naval Service; adoption of “mine‑avoidance routes” (avoiding known German minelaying zones)
Surface Raiders (e.g., SMS Wolf)
1 encounter
15 March 1917 – Orama sighted a suspicious vessel; altered course and signaled to escort; no engagement
Armed naval escort, higher look‑out watch, enforcement of “identification‑by‑signal” protocol
Weather (Southern Ocean)
Seasonal storms (June‑August) caused 4 major hull stresses
1 July 1918 – Heavy gale off Southeast Cape caused loss of 2 lifeboat davits
Reinforced lifeboat frames; revised stowage of cargo to lower centre of gravity
Navigational Hazards (reef, uncharted shoals)
Low; but 1914 incident near Kangaroo Island
22 Nov 1914 – Orama ran aground on a sandbank; refloated with tide; delayed arrival by 2 days
Updated Admiralty charts (hydrographic surveys) distributed in Dec 1914
The most lethal threat remained the U‑boat, especially after the German adoption of unrestricted submarine warfare (Feb 1917). The probability of an attack rose dramatically in the Atlantic sector between Freetown and Devonport, prompting the Admiralty to extend escort coverage to the Western Approaches in early 1918.
4.3 Wartime Instructions to the Crew
The following categories encapsulate the official directives issued to the master, officers, and ratings of Orama (and by extension, other Orient Line vessels). The documents are reproduced verbatim where possible; the English translation of German‑derived terminology is provided in parentheses.
Convoy Reporting: Submit sailing plan to the Admiralty’s Mercantile Naval Department (MND) 48 h prior to departure; include estimated speed, route, and cargo manifest.
Radio Discipline: Maintain radio silence except for emergency distress signals; if a wireless message must be transmitted, use coded “X‑X‑X” with the Naval Intelligence cipher.
Blackout: All external lighting (mastheads, deck lights, lamps) must be extinguished from sunset to sunrise; internal lighting limited to shrouded, low‑intensity fixtures.
Armament Handling: The two 4.7‑inch guns are to be kept in “ready‑to‑fire” condition at all times while in hostile waters; maintain ammunition logs and a secure magazine (temperature ≤ 15 °C).
Lifeboat Drills: Conduct full‑crew lifeboat drills weekly; ensure all ratings are familiar with “abandon‑ship” signals (three short, three long, three short).
Convoy Flag Signals: Memorise the Admiralty Convoy Codebook (Vol. II, 1914) to respond accurately to escort signal flags.
4.3.2 Officer Instructions (Admiralty General Orders 1915)
Rank
Instruction
Rationale
Chief Officer
Oversee watertight integrity—close all pumping stations while underway; conduct bilge inspections each 4 h.
Prevent sinking in case of torpedo damage.
Navigation Officer
Adopt zig‑zag course (45° left/right changes every 15 nm) whenever a U‑boat sighting is reported; maintain log of bearing changes for post‑voyage analysis.
Reduce torpedo targeting accuracy.
Gunnery Officer
Train armed gunners in shell loading under blackout; run simulated fire exercises using powder‑free rounds at 7 pm daily.
Ensure rapid response under darkness.
Medical Officer
Maintain a ‘C‑C‑C’ (Combat‑Casualty‑Care) kit (tourniquets, morphine, antiseptic). Keep triage log ready for mass casualty situations.
Immediate treatment of torpedo or gunfire injuries.
4.3.3 Ratings and Crew Orders (War Instructions for Merchant Seamen, 1915)
Lookout Duty: Assign two lookouts (one fore, one aft) during 20 nm intervals; equip with night‑vision goggles (primitive helm
Discovering the Hidden Gems of Capri: 5 Off-the-Beaten-Path Experiences
Capri, the picturesque Italian island in the Bay of Naples, is a popular destination for travellers seeking stunning natural beauty, rich history, and luxurious amenities. While many visitors flock to the island’s famous Blue Grotto and bustling town centre, there’s more to Capri than meets the eye. For those willing to venture off the beaten path, the island offers a treasure trove of unique experiences waiting to be uncovered. In this blog post, we’ll explore the top five alternative things to do in Capri, taking you on a journey to discover the island’s lesser-known charms.
1. Hike the Sentiero dei Fortini: A Scenic Trail with Breathtaking Views
For nature lovers and hiking enthusiasts, the Sentiero dei Fortini trail is a must-visit attraction. This scenic path winds its way along the island’s rugged coastline, offering breathtaking views of the Mediterranean Sea and the surrounding landscape. The trail is dotted with historic fortifications, including the 19th-century Fortini, which provide a glimpse into Capri’s fascinating military past. As you hike, keep an eye out for the island’s unique flora and fauna, including the rare Capri bee orchid.
2. Visit the Certosa di San Giacomo: A Serene Oasis in the Heart of Capri
Tucked away in a quiet corner of the island, the Certosa di San Giacomo is a 14th-century monastery that exudes peace and tranquillity. This former Carthusian monastery is now a museum, showcasing an impressive collection of art and artifacts, including works by local artists and stunning examples of medieval architecture. The monastery’s beautifully manicured gardens and tranquil courtyards provide a serene oasis, perfect for escaping the hustle and bustle of Capri’s town centre.
3. Explore the Grotta di Matermania: A Natural Wonder with Ancient History
While the Blue Grotto is undoubtedly one of Capri’s most famous attractions, the Grotta di Matermania is a lesser-known natural wonder that’s equally impressive. This ancient Roman cave is filled with stunning rock formations, crystal-clear waters, and a unique array of marine life. According to legend, the grotto was once a sacred place of worship, and its mystical atmosphere is still palpable today. Visit the Grotta di Matermania for an unforgettable experience that combines natural beauty with ancient history.
4. Discover the Villa Jovis: A Ruined Roman Palace with a Rich History
Perched on a hilltop overlooking the Bay of Naples, the Villa Jovis is a ruined Roman palace that’s steeped in history and intrigue. Built in the 1st century AD, this ancient villa was once the summer residence of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, and its impressive remains offer a fascinating glimpse into the island’s imperial past. As you explore the villa’s crumbling ruins, keep an eye out for the stunning views of the surrounding landscape and the sparkling Mediterranean Sea.
5. Enjoy a Sunset at the Punta Carena Lighthouse: A Breathtaking View of the Sea
For a truly unforgettable experience, head to the Punta Carena Lighthouse, located on the island’s southern coast. This picturesque lighthouse is one of the oldest on the Amalfi Coast, and its stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea are simply breathtaking. Watch the sunset from the lighthouse’s scenic viewpoint, and marvel at the kaleidoscope of colours that dance across the sky. As the stars begin to twinkle, the lighthouse’s tranquil atmosphere is the perfect place to unwind and reflect on your Capri adventure.
In conclusion, Capri is more than just a popular tourist destination – it’s an island with a rich history, stunning natural beauty, and a wealth of hidden gems waiting to be discovered. By venturing off the beaten path and exploring the island’s lesser-known attractions, you’ll experience the authentic charm of Capri and create memories that will last a lifetime. So why not take the road less travelled and discover the real Capri?
Thrills, Spills, and just a dash of Romance 